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Boost源码分析笔记

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Recently, I’ve been reading the Boost code and writing some analyses on the usage and implementation of useful modules in the Boost libraries, with updates to come periodically.

Note: When using Boost, don’t be lazy and directly use using namespace std;, as there are many name collisions with the standard library, and the introduction of namespace is precisely to solve this problem. Reasonable and correct use of namespaces is what a qualified cpp programmer should do.

Timer

The current version of Boost (1.62) includes two versions of timer: one is timer (v1), which is implemented using C/C++ library functions and provides low precision (relying on the operating system or compiler); the timer does not require linking libraries, just include <boost/timer.hpp>; the second is cpu_timer (v2), which uses the API of the operating system based on the chrono library, offering higher precision timing.

timer

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#include <iostream>
#include <boost/timer.hpp>

using namespace std;
using namespace boost;

int main(int argc,char* argv[])
{
	timer t;
	cout<<t.elapsed_max()<<endl;
	cout<<t.elapsed_min()<<endl;
	cout<<t.elapsed()<<endl;
	return 0;
}

The timer in Boost is implemented by calling the C/C++ library function clock():

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class timer
{
 public:
         timer() { _start_time = std::clock(); } // postcondition: elapsed()==0
//         timer( const timer& src );      // post: elapsed()==src.elapsed()
//        ~timer(){}
//  timer& operator=( const timer& src );  // post: elapsed()==src.elapsed()
  void   restart() { _start_time = std::clock(); } // post: elapsed()==0
  double elapsed() const                  // return elapsed time in seconds
    { return  double(std::clock() - _start_time) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC; }

  double elapsed_max() const   // return estimated maximum value for elapsed()
  // Portability warning: elapsed_max() may return too high a value on systems
  // where std::clock_t overflows or resets at surprising values.
  {
    return (double((std::numeric_limits<std::clock_t>::max)())
       - double(_start_time)) / double(CLOCKS_PER_SEC); 
  }

  double elapsed_min() const            // return minimum value for elapsed()
   { return double(1)/double(CLOCKS_PER_SEC); }

 private:
  std::clock_t _start_time;
}; // timer

And std::clock() is defined in ctime.h in C++:

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std::clock_t clock(void);

Where std::clock_t is also defined in ctime.h.

Defined in header
typedef /* unspecified */ clock_t;
Arithmetic type capable of representing the process running time of implementation-defined range and precision.

In fact, the above code calling timer is equivalent to:

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#include <iosteram>
#include <ctime.h>
using namespace std;

int main(void){
  clock_t start=clock();
  // elapsed_max and elapsed_min are calculated similarly
  // elapsed
  clock_t end=clock()-start/CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
  return 0;
}

Note: The number of clock ticks per second is defined by the macro CLOCKS_PER_SEC, which varies across different operating systems. On Win32, it’s 1,000 (with a timing precision of 1s/1,000=1ms), while on Linux, it’s 1,000,000 (with a timing precision of 1s/1,000,000=1μs).

progress_timer

progress_timer inherits from the timer class, thus having all member functions of the timer class (the interface is the same as timer). We can perform any operation on a progress_timer object that can be done on a timer object.

The constructor of progress_timer consists of the constructor of timer + the constructor defined in progress_timer. When constructing progress_timer, we need to pass an IO stream object to output the time to that stream upon destruction. The default is std::cout, but other standard output streams (ofstream/ostringstream) can be used alternatively, or the output of cout can be redirected using cout.rdbuf().

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public:
  explicit progress_timer( std::ostream & os = std::cout )
     // os is hint; implementation may ignore, particularly in embedded systems
     : timer(), noncopyable(), m_os(os) {}
  ~progress_timer()
  {
  //  A) Throwing an exception from a destructor is a Bad Thing.
  //  B) The progress_timer destructor does output which may throw.
  //  C) A progress_timer is usually not critical to the application.
  //  Therefore, wrap the I/O in a try block, catch and ignore all exceptions.
    try
    {
      // use istream instead of ios_base to workaround GNU problem (Greg Chicares)
      std::istream::fmtflags old_flags = m_os.setf( std::istream::fixed,
                                                   std::istream::floatfield );
      std::streamsize old_prec = m_os.precision( 2 );
      m_os << elapsed() << " s\n" // "s" is System International d'Unites std
                        << std::endl;
      m_os.flags( old_flags );
      m_os.precision( old_prec );
    }
    catch (...) {} // eat any exceptions
  } // ~progress_timer
private:
  std::ostream & m_os;

As can be seen, when we construct a progress_timer, the timing starts automatically (timer::timer()), and when the progress_timer is destructed, it outputs the time elapsed from construction to destruction.

progress_display

progress_display can show the execution progress of the program in the console, but I think this class is pretty useless, so I won’t elaborate…

date_time

Boost has a date_time library to handle time, and date_time needs to be compiled to use, requiring linking to the boost_date_time library during compilation. The date_time consists of two parts: gregorian for handling dates and posix_time for handling time.

More about the interfaces of date_time in Boost can be found here: Chapter 10. Boost.Date_Time

date_time basically covers our needs for calculating between dates, but the date in the date_time library is based on the Gregorian calendar, supporting only dates from 1400-01-01 to 9999-12-31.

Without further ado, let’s look at some simple and common usages… More usages can be found in the Boost documentation or “The Complete Development of the Boost Library”.

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#include <iostream>
#include <boost/date_time/gregorian/gregorian.hpp>

int main(int argc,char* argv[])
{
	boost::gregorian::date testDate(2016,10,19);

	// Check if this is a valid date
	if(!testDate.is_not_a_date())
	{
		std::cout<<"yes"<<std::endl;
	}else{
		std::cout<<"error"<<std::endl;
	}
	// Accessing the date
	std::cout<<testDate.year()<<"-"<<testDate.month()<<"-"<<testDate.day()<<std::endl;
	std::cout<<testDate<<std::endl;
	// Calculate the interval between two dates
	boost::gregorian::date init(1994,11,11);
	boost::gregorian::date now(2016,10,19);
	std::cout<<now-init<<std::endl;

	// Date calculations
	// boost::gregorian::date test(2016,10,19);
	// years()/months()/days() are defined in boost::gregorian namespace
	// tomorrow
	boost::gregorian::date tomorrow=now+boost::gregorian::days(1);
	std::cout<<tomorrow<<std::endl;
	// next month
	boost::gregorian::date nextMonth=now+boost::gregorian::months(1);
	std::cout<<nextMonth<<std::endl;
	// next year
	boost::gregorian::date nextYear=now+boost::gregorian::years(1);
	std::cout<<nextYear<<std::endl;

	return 0;
}

Some section code of the date class in date_time:

For more details, see boostcode/date_time/date.hpp

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template<class T, class calendar, class duration_type_>
class date : private
       boost::less_than_comparable<T
     , boost::equality_comparable<T
    > >
{
private:
	typedef T date_type;
    typedef calendar calendar_type;
	typedef typename calendar::year_type year_type;
    typedef typename calendar::month_type month_type;
    typedef typename calendar::day_type day_type;
    typedef typename calendar::ymd_type ymd_type;
public:
	// Constructor
 	date(year_type y, month_type m, day_type d)
      : days_(calendar::day_number(ymd_type(y, m, d)))
    {}
    date(const ymd_type& ymd)
      : days_(calendar::day_number(ymd))
    {}

	// Member functions
  	year_type year() const
    {
      ymd_type ymd = calendar::from_day_number(days_);
      return ymd.year;
    }
    month_type month() const
    {
      ymd_type ymd = calendar::from_day_number(days_);
      return ymd.month;
    }
    day_type day() const
    {
      ymd_type ymd = calendar::from_day_number(days_);
      return ymd.day;
    }
    bool is_not_a_date()  const
    {
      return traits_type::is_not_a_number(days_);
    }

    // Operator overloading
    date_type operator-=(const duration_type& dd)
    {
      *this = *this - dd;
      return date_type(days_);
    }
    date_rep_type day_count() const
    {
      return days_;
    }
    // allow internal access from operators
    date_type operator+(const duration_type& dd) const
    {
      if(dd.is_special())
      {
        return date_type(date_rep_type(days_) + dd.get_rep());
      }
      return date_type(date_rep_type(days_) + static_cast<date_int_type>(dd.days()));
    }
    date_type operator+=(const duration_type& dd)
    {
      *this = *this + dd;
      return date_type(days_);
    }

};

Smart Pointer

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Title:Boost源码分析笔记
Author:LIPENGZHA
Publish Date:2016/10/19 21:39
World Count:2.9k Words
Link:https://en.imzlp.com/posts/18194/
License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Reprinting of the full article is prohibited.
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