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Recently, while reading The Dragon Book DX12, I’ve been using LaTeX to document some formulas. To facilitate searching, I’ve compiled a table of commonly used LaTeX mathematical symbols syntax. More symbols can be found at LaTeX:Symbols.
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division
Add
Syntax
Subtract
Syntax
Multiply
Syntax
Divide
Syntax
+
-
\times
\div
Power Operations
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
a^x
a^{xyz}
\sqrt{x}
\sqrt[n]{x}
Logical Operations
XOR
Syntax
OR
Syntax
AND
Syntax
\oplus
\vee
\wedge
Absolute Value
Directly insert vertical bars | to specify the vertical length of the bars using \left and \right tags.
Refer to the “Fraction” section below for more details on the syntax.
Syntax: (\frac{a}{x} )^2
The effect of the above expression is: the superscript on the right is not aligned, so it can be improved:
Syntax: \left(\frac{a}{x} \right)^2
Other Operations
For details, see the following section.
Sum
Syntax
Integral
Syntax
Integral
Syntax
Product
Syntax
\sum
\int
\oint
\prod
Relations
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
=
\not=
\approx
\equiv
<
>
\le
\ge
\ll
\gg
Sets
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
\in
\ni
\subset
\supset
\subseteq
\supseteq
Existence
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
\exists
\forall
Greek Letters
Directly input according to spelling, there are 22 lowercase and 8 uppercase: uppercase has the first letter of lowercase syntax capitalized. Not all are listed.
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
Lowercase
\alpha
\beta
\gamma
Uppercase
\Phi
\Omega
\Delta
Arrows
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
\gets
\to
\Leftarrow
\Rightarrow
\Leftrightarrow
Ellipsis
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
\dots
\cdots
Accents
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
\hat{x}
\bar{x}
\vec{x}
\dot{x}
\ddot{x}
Standard Parentheses
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
(
)
[
]
Floor and Ceiling Functions
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
\lfloor
\rfloor
\lceil
\rceil
Spaces
LaTeX omits spaces by default; to input spaces, you must enter commands yourself. mu is a mathematical unit.
Effect
Description
Syntax
Space width is current character width (18mu)
\quad
Space width is 3mu
,
Space width is 4mu
:
Space width is 5mu
;
Space width is -3mu (shrinks left)
!
Space width is standard space key effect
Type a space after \
Space width is 36mu
\qquad
Superscripts and Subscripts
Use {..} to indicate the positions of superscripts and subscripts to MathJax.
Directly input normally written symbols; not all are listed.
Cosine
Syntax
Arccosine
Syntax
Hyperbolic Cosine
Syntax
\cos
\arccos
\cosh
Symbol
Syntax
\cos^2 x +\sin^2 x = 1
\cos 90^\circ = 0
Matrices
Use $$\begin{matrix}…\end{matrix}$$, and end each row with \\ (in markdown, writing LaTeX double backslashes \\ will be escaped, so use \\\\). Separate matrix elements with &.
\begin{equation} S =\begin{bmatrix} A & B &\cdots\ &C\\\\ D & E &\cdots\ & F\\\\ \vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\\\ G & H &\cdots\ & I\\\\ \end{bmatrix} \end{equation}
Vertical Direction
Syntax
Horizontal Direction
Syntax
Diagonal Direction
Syntax
\vdots
\cdots
\ddots
matrix
1 2 3 4
\begin{matrix} A & B &\cdots\ &C\\\\ D & E &\cdots\ & F \end{matrix}
pmatrix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
\begin{equation} S =\begin{pmatrix} A & B &\cdots\ &C\\\\ D & E &\cdots\ & F \end{pmatrix} \end{equation}
bmatrix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
\begin{equation} S =\begin{bmatrix} A & B &\cdots\ &C\\\\ D & E &\cdots\ & F \end{bmatrix} \end{equation}
Bmatrix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
\begin{equation} S =\begin{Bmatrix} A & B &\cdots\ &C\\\\ D & E &\cdots\ & F \end{Bmatrix} \end{equation}
vmatrix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
\begin{equation} S =\begin{vmatrix} A & B &\cdots\ &C\\\\ D & E &\cdots\ & F \end{vmatrix} \end{equation}
Vmatrix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
\begin{equation} S =\begin{Vmatrix} A & B &\cdots\ &C\\\\ D & E &\cdots\ & F \end{Vmatrix} \end{equation}
Augmented Matrix
1 2 3 4 5 6
\left[ \begin{array}{cc|c} A & B & C \\\\ D & E & F \end{array} \right]
Other Symbols
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
Symbol
Syntax
\infty
\triangle
\angle
\checkmark
\nabla
The article is finished. If you have any questions, please comment and communicate.
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